Recombinant Human Galanin peptides (GAL), partial

1. SNP rs948854 in the GAL gene seems to be involved in the modulation of depressive state, especially in individuals with GG genotype. PMID: 28987550
2. Higher serum galanin levels were determined in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. PMID: 28416367
3. Serum galanin (GAL) levels are significantly higher in the obese group compared with lean subjects during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). PMID: 27550417
4. Galanin per se did not affect the dynamic mass redistribution of natural killer (NK) cells, but significantly enhanced the response of NK cells to IL-18 PMID: 27837916
5. majority of intrinsic choroidal neurons were GAL-positive PMID: 27914762
6. ultraviolet irradiation upregulated galanin mRNA and protein expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in human skin in vivo PMID: 27943416
7. GAL and its receptor GALR3 are differentially methylated and expressed in brains of major depressive disorder subjects in a region- and sex-specific manner. PMID: 27940914
8. Study found dramatic reduction in von Willebrand factor extrusion and multimer expression by the neuropeptide galanin in cultured endocardial endothelial cells from heart failure patients. Results suggest that a combination of beta-blockers and galanin therapy may be one therapeutic option for improving endocardial endothelial anticoagulant function. PMID: 28720509
9. The analyses revealed that the presence of the galanin gene minor allele (G) increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in men (OR = 2.49, P = 0.008) but not in women. PMID: 27870457
10. Study provides evidence that GAL and GALR1/2 genes were identified as aberrantly methylated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 27685843
11. Low levels of plasma galanin is associated with obese subjects with hypertension. PMID: 27538957
12. results indicated that obese individuals have higher plasma GAL and GALP concentrations and both peptide concentrations were positively correlative to triglyceride concentrations in obese human PMID: 27474259
13. GAL and its receptors, GALR1 and GALR2, play a role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis PMID: 26572146
14. Elevated galanin may predict the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus for development of Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 26253934
15. This study demonstrated that Galanin upregulation within the basal forebrain cholinergic system in LBD PMID: 26621352
16. Galanin released by cancer induces neuritogenesis, facilitating perineural invasion. PMID: 25917569
17. Mutations in the human GAL gene cause temporal lobe epilepsy. PMID: 25691535
18. This is the first report of the various galanin receptors in the human eye. PMID: 26122049
19. Galanin can be regarded as an immunomodulatory peptide as it can sensitize polymorphonuclear neutrophils towards pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans and mice. PMID: 25545502
20. found no association of the galanin enhancer genotype with any of the other pathophysiological parameters measured PMID: 25228436
21. Data shows that high expression of GAL is associated with poor prognosis of stage II colorectal cancer patients (CRC) and GAL expression may be related to the aggressive behavior of CRC. PMID: 25504183
22. The plasma galanin levels are higher in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus than in normal pregnancy. PMID: 24503374
23. Data suggest that plasma levels of galanin and interleukin-6 are up-regulated in second trimester in women with gestational diabetes (glucose intolerant/insulin resistant) as compared to normal pregnant women (with normal glucose/insulin tolerance). PMID: 24397394
24. Galanin plays a crucial role in inhibiting insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells to prevent hyperinsulinemia, which is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [review] PMID: 24106965
25. Variants in genes for galanin (GAL) and its receptors (GALR1, GALR2, GALR3), despite their disparate genomic loci, conferred increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events. PMID: 24706871
26. The SNPs of rs694066 in the GAL gene showed a positive correlation with the major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han population. PMID: 23741354
27. Galanin has a role in regulating eccrine sweat gland secretion PMID: 23278944
28. These results suggest that the activation of progalanin by plasmin in the extracellular compartment was involved in MMP-9 and MMP-2 activation and in angiogenesis in tumor tissue. PMID: 23261456
29. Moreover, we have identified a novel role for the GalR1/galanin receptor-ligand axis in chemoresistance, providing evidence to support its further evaluation as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in colorectal cancer . PMID: 22859720
30. localization of the transcripts for galanin and its receptors (GalR1-R3), tryptophan hydroxylase 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthase and the three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT 1-3) in the locus coeruleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus PMID: 23341594
31. The results indicate the continuous presence of GAL-ergic innervation in the immediate vicinity of the cancer invasion, which may be attributed to increased contraction of the affected part of intestine. PMID: 22226150
32. Study revealed that plasmin was present in tumor tissue, and that it was responsible for processing progalanin to galanin(1-20) in the extracellular environment. PMID: 21707521
33. This study suggested that the adenylate GAL related to major depressive disorder. PMID: 21042317
34. Circulating galanin levels at birth are not affected by GDM and IUGR, providing no evidence for alternations in hypothalamic galanin expression and secretion in humans, as they were previously documented in experimental models. PMID: 22162474
35. Analysis in neuroblastoma cells demonstrates that GAL5.1 acts as an enhancer of promoter activity after protein kinase C activation. PMID: 21716262
36. Chronic constriction injury results in galanin upregulation in dorsal root ganglion and sciatic nerve, although less in transgenic mice with nuclear factor-kappaB inhibition. PMID: 21352816
37. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of total but not free IgG autoantibodies against galanin are increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in increased percentage of galanin autoantibodies present as immune complexes. PMID: 22078238
38. acute alcohol withdrawal was associated with decreased galanin serum levels PMID: 21199668
39. provides substantive evidence that GAL sustains the expression of genes subserving multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in hyperinnervated cholinergic NB neurons compared to nonhyperinnervated neu-ron PMID: 19749437
40. The reported associations in independent samples of Alzheimer Disease and Major Depressive Disorder support an estrogen-dependent function of GAL in pathophysiology of anxiety and depression, affecting response to antidepressant treatment. PMID: 20237460
41. galanin is expressed developmentally in the DRG PMID: 11712539
42. an involvement of GAL in various physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract PMID: 12471460
43. data suggest a role for endogenous galanin in the adaptive responses to acute orthostatic stress preventing syncope in susceptible individuals PMID: 12647269
44. Galanin is present in human DRGs together with CGRP and substance P, mostly in small neurons. Galanin may mediate processing of sensory information, especially pain, in human DRGs and dorsal horn. PMID: 12654333
45. The involvement of galanin is reviewed in the modulation of such functions as neurotransmitter release, memory, pain, depression, anxiety, obesity, gut motility, neuroendocrine regulation, development and neuroregeneration. PMID: 12769595
46. corticotroph, but not GH adenomas, express high levels of galanin, in addition to ACTH, and in some tumors both polypeptides are synthesised in the same cell population; galanin levels in plasma were not influenced by the tumor galanin content PMID: 14700749
47. human galanin expresses amphipathic properties in the presence of phospholipids which in turn amplifies its vasoactive effects in the intact peripheral microcirculation. PMID: 14706552
48. These galanin-LHRH and LHRH-galanin contacts may be functional synapses, and they may be the morphological substrate of the galanin-controlled gonadal functions in humans. PMID: 15283968
49. Serum galanin concentration in post-menopausal women is related to severity of climacteric syndrome; presence of nervousness in post-menopausal women is related to lower serum galanin level. PMID: 15648541
50. Blood levels correlate with type 2 diabetes and not with obesity or hormonal status in postmenopause. PMID: 15735230

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HGNC: 4114

OMIM: 137035

KEGG: hsa:51083

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000265643

UniGene: Hs.278959